Types of Viral Hepatitis:
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- Hepatitis A (HAV): Usually spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. It rarely causes chronic liver disease.
- Hepatitis B (HBV): Transmitted through contact with infected blood, bodily fluids, or from mother to child during childbirth. It can lead to chronic liver disease and may increase the risk of liver cancer.
- Hepatitis C (HCV): Primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood. It often leads to chronic liver disease and can also increase the risk of liver cancer.
- Hepatitis D (HDV): Occurs only in individuals already infected with HBV, as HDV needs HBV to replicate. It can worsen the course of HBV infection.
- Hepatitis E (HEV): Usually transmitted through contaminated food or water, and in some cases, through contact with infected animals. It typically resolves on its own but can be more severe in pregnant women.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of viral hepatitis can vary, but common signs include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored stools, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
Modes of Transmission:
Hepatitis viruses can be transmitted through various routes, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water (HAV and HEV), contact with infected blood or bodily fluids (HBV, HCV, and HDV), and, in some cases, sexual contact.
Prevention:
Vaccination is available for hepatitis A and hepatitis B, and it’s essential to follow proper hygiene and sanitation practices to prevent hepatitis E. For hepatitis C, there is no vaccine, but avoiding contact with infected blood and sharing of needles can reduce the risk.
Diagnosis:
Proper laboratory investigations can detect the presence of viral hepatitis and also determine the specific type of virus present. Liver function tests and other diagnostic tools may be used to assess the severity of liver damage.
Treatment:
The treatment for viral hepatitis depends on the specific type and severity of the infection. Hepatitis A usually resolves on its own, while hepatitis B, C, and D may require antiviral medications. Supportive care, including rest, hydration, and a healthy diet, is important for recovery.
Chronic hepatitis and complications: Hepatitis B, C, and D can become chronic, leading to long-term liver damage, cirrhosis, and an increased risk of liver cancer if left untreated.
It’s crucial to seek medical attention if you suspect you have hepatitis or if you have been exposed to someone with the infection. Early detection and proper management of cases can help prevent complications and improve outcomes of those infected.